Scientific References
SAMi's development and validation are supported by peer-reviewed scientific literature. Below are key references relevant to CASA technology and semen analysis standards.
WHO Guidelines
The World Health Organization provides the foundation standards for semen analysis:
- World Health Organization (2021). WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen (6th ed.). Geneva: WHO Press.
- World Health Organization (2010). WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen (5th ed.). Geneva: WHO Press.
CASA Technology
Key publications on computer-assisted semen analysis:
- Amann RP, Waberski D. (2014). Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA): capabilities and potential developments. Theriogenology; 81(1):5-17.
- Mortimer ST. (2000). CASA - practical aspects. Journal of Andrology; 21(4):515-524.
- Mortimer D, Mortimer ST. (2013). Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA) of sperm motility and hyperactivation. Methods in Molecular Biology; 927:77-87.
Semen Analysis Quality
Publications addressing quality assurance in semen analysis:
- Björndahl L, Barratt CLR, Mortimer D, Jouannet P. (2016). 'How to count sperm properly': checklist for acceptability of studies based on human semen analysis. Human Reproduction; 31(2):227-232.
- Cooper TG, et al. (2010). World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Human Reproduction Update; 16(3):231-245.
Kinematic Parameters
Research on sperm motility parameters and their clinical significance:
- Mortimer ST, van der Horst G, Mortimer D. (2015). The future of computer-aided sperm analysis. Asian Journal of Andrology; 17(4):545-553.
- Yániz JL, et al. (2015). CASA-Mot technology: how results are affected by the frame rate and counting chamber. Reproduction, Fertility and Development; 27(6):974-981.
Standards and Guidelines
International standards relevant to CASA systems:
- ISO 23162:2021. Basic semen examination — Specification and test methods.
Word of Caution
When reviewing CASA literature, it is important to note that not all CASA systems are equivalent. Validation data for one system cannot be assumed to apply to another. Always ensure that any CASA system you consider has been independently validated against the haemocytometer gold standard with published peer-reviewed data demonstrating parity (not just correlation).
Any manufacturer of a sperm counting device which only shows correlation with the gold standard should be disregarded and must demonstrate sample-by-sample comparison.
